Academic literature

Possible Attackers? A Comparison Between the Behaviors and Stressors of Persons of Concern and Active Shooters

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(In)action: Variation in Bystander Responses Between Persons of Concern and Active Shooters

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Bystander reporting to prevent violent extremism and targeted violence: learning from practitioners

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Addressing Targeted Violence through Bystander and Gatekeeper Intervention: Theoretical Background and Conceptual Model

This article addresses the theoretical and empirical basis for using a bystander and gatekeeper intervention approach to preventing targeted violence. It discusses the importance of community-based educational efforts helping individuals to notice, identify, and act.

Willingness to Report in Military Workplace Violence Scenarios: Initial Findings from the Marine Corps on the Impact of Rank and Relationship to the Person of Concern

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Exposure to Preincident Behavior and Reporting in College Students (2014)

This study examined the characteristics of students that view threatening behavior and lack willingness to report in a sample of Midwestern undergraduates.

The Importance of Bystanders in Threat Assessment and Management

This chapter summarizes literature on bystanders’ behavior and decision-making, and addresses key topics such as the so-called bystander effect, helpful bystander actions, barriers to reporting, and others.

Dealing with – or Reporting – “Unacceptable” Behavior

This paper discusses barriers to action within organizations when people see behavior they consider unacceptable, unsafe, or illegal. The authors discuss the importance of a complaint system that is safe, accessible, and credible

Childhood and Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors for Violence in Adulthood

This article focuses on risk and protective factors at the individual and family levels. It pertains to violence generally rather than extremist violence or terrorism.